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closed shop
A pre-entry closed shop is a form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to hire union members only, and employees must remain members of the union at all times in order to remain employed. This is different from a post-entry closed shop (US: union shop), which is an agreement requiring all employees to join the union if they are not already members.〔http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/SWEDEN/ANCHOR-ORGANISATIONSKLAUSUL-SE.htm〕 In a union shop, the union must accept as a member any person hired by the employer.〔Pynes, Joan. ''Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations.'' 2d ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2004. ISBN 0-7879-7078-6〕
International Labour Organization covenants do not address the legality of closed shop provisions, leaving the question up to each individual nation.〔("Case(s) No(s). 188, Report No. 34 (Denmark): Complaints against the Government of Denmark presented by Swiss Printing Workers' Union and the Swiss Federation of National Christian Trade Unions." ) Document No. 031960034188. Cases of the Committee on Freedom of Association. International Labor Organization. March 4, 1959.〕 The legal status of closed shop agreements varies widely from country to country, ranging from bans on the agreement to extensive regulation of the agreement to not mentioning it at all.
==Legal status==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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